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Hierarchy of Computer Languages Points : what is hierarchy of computer languages? briefly explain the characteristics of a high level programming language, advantages of high level language, disadvantage of high level language Programming Language Naturally a language is the source of communication between two persons and also between the person to machine like computer. The language we can use to communicate with the computer are known as Computer programming languages. Generally there are two major types of languages are available as follows: 1. Low Level Language The sets of commands available in low level language is complex and not easy to understand. In this category “Assembly” and “Machine codes” are available. Assembly programs are faster than other high level languages programs. 2. High Level Languages The set of commands available in high level languages are very simple and easy to understand. High level languages are further divided into two major categories. i. Proc...

Top-Down Programming Points : top-down programming, what is meant by top-down programming, how does top-down program work, disadvantages of top-down programming Top-Down Programming Top-down programming is the opposite of bottom up programming. It refers to the style of programming where an application is constructed starting with a high level description of what it is supposed to do and breaking the specification down into simpler pieces, until a level has been reached that correspond to the primitives of the programming language to be used. How does Top-down Program Work Top down programming (TDP) tends to generate modules that are based on functionally, usually in the form of functions or procedures typically the high level specification of the system states functionality. The high level- description is the refined to be a sequence or a loop of simpler function or procedures, that are then themselves redefine. In this style of programming there is a great risk that implementati...

Early Computing Machines and Their Inventors Points : early computing machines and their inventors, define the early computing machines and their inventors, abacus pascal’s calculator, babbage difference engine, babbage analytical engine, dr. herman hollerith punch curd machine, mark i, enivac, edvac, univac-i Abacus Abacus is a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them when these beads are moved around, according to programming rules memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done. Pascal’s Calculator Braise Pascal, a French Mathematician and Philosopher, invented the first mechanical digital calculator, which could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers. Pascaline developed around 1642. It was cheaper to have human labor perform the calculations, workers feared losing their jobs, and only Pascal could repair the machine. A programming language Pascal was later named to honour his contribution. Babbage Difference Engine In 18...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Punched Card Points : Advantages and Disadvantages of Punched Card Advantages 1. Punched cards are fairly inexpensive. 2. Data entry using Hollerith card is relatively fast, modern card readers can easily read 600 card per minute. 3. Punched cards may be stored and reared if the need arise. 4. Errors found in cards cannot be corrected, but the card containing the error can be replaced without affecting the rest of the deck. Disadvantages 1. Punched cards are large in comparison to the amount of data they can contain storage requires a great deal of space. 2. The system still involves a form of keyboard entry; the key punch machine is merely a method of converting Key presses to holes punched in the card. 3. If the order in which the cards are to be read is important, very careful attention must be find for maintaining that order, since the deck of the cards can easily become shuffled out of order. If the order is critical a sequence number may be pla...

Distinguish between the following a. Computer and Calculator b. Microprocessor and Micro Computer c. Second Generation and Third Generation of computer Points : difference between computer and calculator, difference between microprocessor and micro computer, difference between second generation and third generation of computer Difference between Computer and Calculator Computer Calculator 1. Computer can accept and operate alphabetic data. Calculator can not accept alphabetic data. 2. Computer has large memory for storing programs and data. Calculator has small memory. 3. Computer has internal storage. It has very small internal storages as compared to computer. 4. It has predefined instruction called Programmed. It his not predefined instruction like a programmed. 5. It performs numeric, arithmetic and logical operations. It performs only numeric and arithmetic calculation. Difference between Microprocessor and Micro Computer Microprocessor Micro Computer 1. A central processing un...

Characteristics Four Generations of Computer Points : explain what electronic technology characteristics each of the four generations of computer contained Vacuum Tubes: (1st Generation of Computer) Vacuum tubes are used as internal component in first generation. Lot of heat d by vacuum tubes. Size of computer was very larger. Solid State Circuit: (2nd Generation of Computer) Solid state circuit (transistor) was used as internal (transistor) component of computer in second generation. Size of computer becomes small, due to transistors main memory was increased. Integrated Circuit: (3rd Generation of Computer) Integrated circuit was Introduced in third generation. An integrated circuit s many electronic components on a single chip. High level language was used. Large Scale Integrated Circuits: (4th Generation of Computer) Very large scale integrated circuit and micro processors were used as internal computer components in the fourth generation.

Idioms and Phrases beginning with 'H' Idioms and Phrases With Urdu Meaning A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 HABIT Habit of mind ذہنی اختراع Something or the other is always a habit of mind in every human being. To get into a habit عادی ہو جانا His hobby of drinking has resulted in getting into a habit. 2 HAIL Within hail اتنا نزدیک کہ جسے بلایا جا سکے He is standing within a hail distance. 3 HAIR Lose one’s hair ناراض ہوجانا If someone cracks a joke, don’t lose your hair. Make one’s hair stand on end بہت حیرانگی یا ڈر ظاہر کرنا The murder of his lieutenant made his hair stand on end. Not to turn a hair پریشان نہ ہونا He did not turn a hair when his friend died. Put up the halt بال بنانا Maidens p1st up their hair. To a hair بال بال بچنا He resembled his father to a hair. To the turn of a hair She copied her exercised to the turn of a hair. To get a person by the short hair کسی پر پورا کنٹرول ہونا Parents should get children by the short hair. 4 HALF Half-an...